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Cell markers

  • T cell's
    • CD3 (general), CD4(helper),CD8(Cytotoxic)
    • CD44(high in effector or memory)
    • CD62L(high in naive, low in effector)
  • B cells'
    • CD19,CD20
    • Plasma cells (often CD138+, CD19 low)
    • Naive B cells (lgD+, lgM+)
  • Neutrophils: Ly6G
  • Monocyte/macrophages: CD11b, Ly6C
  • pDCs: major producers of Type I interferons

Overview of Cytokines

  • Cytokines are signalling proteins that help control inflammation in body
  • Types
    • Chemokines CXCL: which can direct immune cells toward infection part
    • Interferons- IFN: Interferons signal cells to put up their defenses against viruses invading your body.
    • Interleukins: IL-xx
    • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF): regulate inflammation in your body. TNF also signals to immune cells that kill tumor cells
    • Colony-stimulating factors (CSF): CSF signals hematopoietic stem cells to develop into specific cell types
    • ...
  • ==Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory== cytokines
    • pro: trigger inflammation. Coordinate body's immune response to fend off attackers, like germs
      • IL-1 (Interleukin-1): causes Fever and activates blood vessels to let immune cells enter tissue.
      • IL-6 (Interleukin-6): causes the liver to produce Acute Phase Proteins (like CRP). It also causes fever.
      • TNF-$\alpha$ (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha): activates endothelial cells (blood vessel walls) and increases permeability. Excessive release can cause septic shock.
    • anti: lessen inflammation. Prevent an excessive immune respones that can lead to tissue damage
      • IL-10 (Interleukin-10): The primary "shut down" signal. It inhibits activated macrophages and reduces the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines above.
      • TGF-$\beta$ (Transforming Growth Factor beta): Promotes tissue repair (wound healing) and suppresses T-cell activation.

DAMPs and PAMPs

  • PAMP:
    • Lipids/Carbohydrates: LPS, peptidoglycan
    • Nucleic Acids: dsRNA, ssRNA, Unmethylated CpG DNA
  • DAMPs
    • intracellular proteins: S100 proteins; HMGB1
    • ATP
    • Uric Acid
    • Self-DNA/RNA

Others

  • Housekeeping genes: Actin or GAPDH
  • ISGs (interferon stimulated genes): Mx1, Isg15, Rsad2, Irf7